How did the universe come into being? There are a multitude of theories on this subject. In a Physical Review Letters paper, ...

The particles that are in an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons The particles that are in protons and neutrons: quarks The four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force and ...

Why did they form at that time? Astronomers know from observing distant exploding stars that the size of the universe has ...

According to the laws of physics, matter and antimatter behave the same way and were formed in equal quantities in the Big ...

In 1992, three physicists began an argument about how many numbers we need to fully describe the universe. Their surprisingly ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London.View full profile Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum ...

A comprehensive review explores how particles containing heavy quarks (known as charm and bottom hadrons) interact in a hot, dense environment called hadronic matter. The authors have published a ...

The epoch of reionization, a period following the cosmic dark ages, marks the transition of the universe's predominantly neutral hydrogen gas to its currently ionized state, driven by the ionizing ...