The demand for greater data throughput seems endless, and it is accelerating faster than many people expected, creating bottlenecks in fiber-optics networks. Digital transmissions of 100 Gbps, which ...

Eliminating software adjustments in circuits based on digital logic improves robustness and reduces cost for small-production-run series. This circuit is a cost-improved version of classical QPSK ...

(c) Capacity in bits per second per Hertz vs. Bit to Noise Ratio (Capacity vs Eb/No) (d) Bit Error Rate vs. Bit to Noise Ratio (BER vs Eb/No) Symbol Error Rate vs. Es ...

Free Space Optics is the technology which implies the line-of-sight link for the transfer of data between two distant points. The beam of light is used to provide optical connection that can transmit ...

The modulators are the basic requirement of the communication systems they are designed to reduce the channel distortion & to use in RF communication hence many type of carrier modulation techniques ...

In modern communication systems, modulation is a key function that embeds the baseband signal (information) into a carrier wave so that it can be successfully broadcasted through a medium such as air ...

Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a measure of modulation quality and error performance in complex wireless systems. It provides a method to evaluate the performance of ...